!4!!1--1
!0Common Lisp Object System Specification!!1--1
!11. Programmer Interface Concepts!!1--1
!4CONTENTS!!1--2
!2Introduction!!1--5
!2Error Terminology!!1--6
!2Classes!!1--8
!3Defining Classes!!1--9
!3Creating Instances of Classes!!1--10
!3Slots!!1--10
!3Accessing Slots!!1--11
!2Inheritance!!1--12
!3Inheritance of Methods!!1--12
!3Inheritance of Slots and Slot Options!!1--12
!3Inheritance of Class Options!!1--13
!3Examples!!1--14
!2Redefining Classes!!1--15
!3Modifying the Structure of Instances!!1--15
!3Initializing Newly added Local Slots!!1--16
!3Extensions!!1--17
!2Changing the Class of an Instance!!1--18
!3Modifying the Structure of the Instance!!1--18
!3Initializing Newly added Local Slots!!1--18
!2Integrating Types and Classes!!1--20
!2Determining the Class Precedence List!!1--23
!3Topological Sorting!!1--23
!3Examples!!1--24
!2Generic Functions and Methods!!1--26
!3Introduction to Generic Functions!!1--26
!3Introduction to Methods!!1--27
!3Agreement on Parameter Specializers and Qualifiers!!1--29
!3Congruent Lambda-Lists for All Methods of a Generic Function!!1--30
!3Keyword Arguments in Generic Functions and Methods!!1--30
!2Method Selection and Combination!!1--32
!3Determining the Effective Method!!1--32
!4Selecting the Applicable Methods!!1--32
!4Sorting the Applicable Methods by Precedence Order!!1--32
!4Applying Method Combination to the Sorted List of Applicable Methods!!1--33
!3Standard Method Combination!!1--35
!3Declarative Method Combination!!1--36
!3Built-in Method Combination Types!!1--36
!2Meta-Objects!!1--39
!3Metaclasses!!1--39
!3Standard Metaclasses!!1--39
!3Standard Meta-objects!!1--39
!2Object Creation and Initialization!!1--41
!3Initialization Arguments!!1--41
!3Declaring the Validity of Initialization Arguments!!1--42
!3Defaulting of Initialization Arguments!!1--43
!3Rules for Duplicate Initialization Arguments!!1--43
!3Methods for Initialize-Instance!!1--46
!3Procedural Definition of Make-Instance!!1--47
!2Introduction to Setf Functions!!1--48